type() function
kodingwindow@kw:~$ python3
...
>>> type('Hello, World!')
<class 'str'>

>>> type(7)
<class 'int'>

>>> type(7.23)
<class 'float'>

>>> type(True)
<class 'bool'>

>>> type(False)
<class 'bool'>

>>> a=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> type(a)
<class 'list'>

>>> a=(1)
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>

>>> a=(1, 1.1)
>>> type(a)
<class 'tuple'>
range() function
>>> range(10)
range(0, 10)

>>> list(range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> list(range(5,10))
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> list(range(0,10,1))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> list(range(0,10,2))
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
 
>>> list(range(0,10,3))
[0, 3, 6, 9]
chr() and ord() functions
>>> chr(42)
'*'

>>> chr(65)
'A'

>>> ord('A')
65

>>> ord('*')
42
bytes() and bytearray() functions
>>> a=[1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> a[0]
1

>>> a[-1]
6

>>> a[-1]=-1000
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1000]

>>> exp=bytes(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: bytes must be in range(0, 256)

>>> a[-1]=255
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 255]

>>> exp=bytes(a)
>>> exp[-1]=6
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment

>>> a=[1,2,3,4,5,6] >>> exp=bytearray(a) >>> exp[0] 1 >>> exp[-1] 6 >>> exp[-1]=255 >>> exp bytearray(b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\xff') >>> for i in exp: print(i) ... 1 2 3 4 5 255 >>>
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